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The modern nation of Afghanistan had normally been at the periphery of empires.

Peak Year: 2997 BCE (1.2% of world GDP/population)

Here is how I have allocated its territory over time.

State Proportions for Selected Country Table

Country	Start Year	End Year	Proportions
Afghanistan	-3000	-551	None-1,
Afghanistan	-550	-330	Persia-1,
Afghanistan	-329	-328	Macedon-0.5,Persia-0.5,
Afghanistan	-327	-323	Macedon-1,
Afghanistan	-322	-305	Bactria-1,
Afghanistan	-304	-249	Maurya-0.5,Seleucid-0.5,
Afghanistan	-248	-227	Bactria-0.25,Maurya-0.5,Seleucid-0.25,
Afghanistan	-226	-226	Bactria-0.75,Seleucid-0.25,
Afghanistan	-225	-196	Maurya-1,
Afghanistan	-195	-130	Bactria-1,
Afghanistan	-129	-100	Arachosia-0.25,Parthia-0.5,Tocharians-0.25,
Afghanistan	-99	-70	Arachosia-0.25,Parthia-0.75,
Afghanistan	-69	20	Parthia-1,
Afghanistan	21	55	Indo-Parthian-0.75,Parthia-0.25,
Afghanistan	56	80	Indo-Parthian-0.25,Kushan-0.5,Parthia-0.25,
Afghanistan	81	250	Kushan-1,
Afghanistan	251	650	Sassanid-1,
Afghanistan	651	651	Caliphate-0.5,Kapisa-0.25,Sassanid-0.25,
Afghanistan	652	661	Caliphate-0.5,Kapisa-0.5,
Afghanistan	662	669	Kapisa-0.5,Umayyad-0.5,
Afghanistan	670	750	Umayyad-1,
Afghanistan	751	861	Abbasid-1,
Afghanistan	862	900	Sistan-1,
Afghanistan	901	997	Samanid-1,
Afghanistan	998	1035	Ghaznavids-1,
Afghanistan	1036	1040	Ghaznavids-0.75,Seljuq-0.25,
Afghanistan	1041	1095	Ghaznavids-0.5,Seljuq-0.5,
Afghanistan	1096	1149	Ghaznavids-0.5,Khorasan-0.5,
Afghanistan	1150	1165	Ghaznavids-0.25,Ghurid-0.25,Khorasan-0.5,
Afghanistan	1166	1205	Ghurid-0.5,Khorasan-0.5,
Afghanistan	1206	1207	Ghurid-0.5,Khwarezm-0.5,
Afghanistan	1208	1221	Khwarezm-1,
Afghanistan	1222	1262	Mongol-1,
Afghanistan	1263	1335	Chagatai-0.25,Ilkhanate-0.75,
Afghanistan	1336	1381	Chagatai-0.25,Herat-0.75,
Afghanistan	1382	1383	Herat-0.25,Timurid-0.75,
Afghanistan	1384	1504	Timurid-1,
Afghanistan	1505	1507	Mughal-0.25,Timurid-0.75,
Afghanistan	1508	1510	Bukhara-0.5,Mughal-0.25,Timurid-0.25,
Afghanistan	1511	1522	Mughal-0.25,Persia-0.5,Timurid-0.25,
Afghanistan	1523	1585	Mughal-0.5,Persia-0.5,
Afghanistan	1586	1597	Bukhara-0.25,Mughal-0.5,Persia-0.25,
Afghanistan	1598	1622	Mughal-0.5,Persia-0.5,
Afghanistan	1623	1638	Mughal-0.25,Persia-0.75,
Afghanistan	1639	1648	Mughal-0.5,Persia-0.5,
Afghanistan	1649	1709	Mughal-0.25,Persia-0.75,
Afghanistan	1710	1722	Afghanistan-0.25,Mughal-0.25,Persia-0.5,
Afghanistan	1723	1729	Afghanistan-0.5,Mughal-0.25,Persia-0.25,
Afghanistan	1730	1738	Afghanistan-0.25,Mughal-0.25,Persia-0.5,
Afghanistan	1739	1739	Mughal-0.25,Persia-0.75,
Afghanistan	1740	1747	Persia-1,
Afghanistan	1748	1839	Afghanistan-1,
Afghanistan	1840	1842	Afghanistan-0.5,United Kingdom-0.5,
Afghanistan	1843	1979	Afghanistan-1,
Afghanistan	1980	1989	Soviet Union-1,
Afghanistan	1990	1995	Afghanistan-1,
Afghanistan	1996	1997	Afghanistan-Northern Alliance-0.25,Afghanistan-Taliban-0.75,
Afghanistan	1998	2022	Afghanistan-1,

Notes

1. I start Afghan history with the Persian conquest. The Gandhara kingdom does not seem to have extended into Afghanistan. The Kamboja kingdom seems to more of language group and its dates are unclear. The Median conquest is also unclear.
2. I allocated the GDP of Afghanistan based upon the following 4 cities: Balkh, Herat, Kabul/Bagram, Kandahar
3. My primary sources have been the Wikipedia and Geacron.

It was common in European feudalism, to have a various territories to have the same ruler despite being administratively and even geographically separated. I view that it is important to show these as being a single state.

In most cases, I identify this by the primary or home territory of the ruler. For example, the Habsburg (or Hapsburg) Empire is called Austria, which also corresponds to what it was actually called during its time.

Peak: 1300 (7.8%)

France was unaffected by the Mongol conquests. Other parts of Europe grew faster after 1300.

Peak Year: 1991 (8.7%)

Japan was the first Asian nation to industrialize. With its large population it became the world’s second largest economy, until China caught up.

Peak: 2999 BC (8.7%)

Intensive agriculture came later to Mexico than the Old World, so Mexico has the highest numbers at the start of the data.

Peak: 1939 (8.8%)

World War Two sharply reduced the size of the German economy. It recovered in its absolute terms, but growth in the rest of the world reduced its relative importance.

Peak: 1 CE (9.4%)

Maddison’s data only goes back to 1 CE. At that point, Italy was relatively wealthy as result of tribute collected throught the Roman Empire.

Peak: 1870 (9.5%)

The United Kingdom was the first country to industrialize. After 1870, the United States and Germany catch up.

Peak Year: 1945 (27.7%)

The United States peak reflects that most other countries had been battered by WW2. The US proportion has fallen steadily since then as other countries recovered from the war and developed on their own.

Peak Year: 1100 BCE (33.7%)

Nadir: 1974 (2.8%)

Agriculture came to the Ganges plain early, but as the rest of the world caught up, India’s relative importance declined. The industrial revolution came late to British India and the main part of the population remained in subsistence agriculture until the 21st century. The socialist economics brought stagnation to India, but eventually economic reforms were introduced.